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    1. Federal state budget educational institution of higher education «Chuvash State University n. a. I. N. Ulyanov», department of Faculty and Hospital Therapy, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia
    2. EI of HE «The Surgut State University», Surgut, Russia

    Keywords: fatty liver diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, diagnosis of steatosis, diagnosis of steatohepatitis

    Abstract: The problem of high prevalence of fatty liver diseases is known today. The question of the diagnostic differentiation of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD and ALD) has been studied in many studies, possible solutions have been proposed, but, to date, none of them are used in wide practice due to the presence of significant deficiencies in each method. At the same time, timely diagnosed diagnosis directly affects the quality and, often, the life expectancy of the patient. The review presents all modern methods of laboratory diagnostics that can identify differences between NAFLD and ALD, with an indication of the main known characteristics of each method.

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    Tarasova L. V., Tsyganova Yu. V., Opalinskaya I. V., Ivanova A. L. Overview of laboratory diagnostic methods used in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) at the modern stage. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;164(4): 72–77. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-164-4-72-77
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    1. Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Moscow, Russia
    2. City Clinical Hospital № 31 of Moscow Health Department», 119415, Moscow, Russia
    3. FSBEI HPE RNSMU. N. I. Pirogov, 117997, Moscow, Russia

    Keywords: early gastric cancer, early gastric cancer, prognosis, treatment, oncology, endoscopy, pathological anatomy

    Abstract: Modern data on endoscopic and morphological factors for the prognosis of early gastric cancer (macroscopic type of tumor, its size and the presence or absence of ulceration, histological type and degree of differentiation of the tumor, immunophenotype, depth of invasion, the presence of cancer emboli in the lumen of lymphatic and blood vessels) are given. The indications for performance and criteria for the effectiveness of endoscopic surgical methods for treating early gastric cancer, recommendations for further patient management tactics are given.

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    Full text is published :
    Mikhaleva L. M., Fedorov E. D., Birukov A. E. Endoscopic and morphological prognostic factors of early gastric cancer. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;164(4): 78–84. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-164-4-78-84
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    1. St. Petersburg State University, 199034, University emb, 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
    2. FSBU “National Almazov Medical Research Centre”, Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Keywords: pancreatic cysts, cystic neoplasias of the pancreas, incident cysts, incidentaloma, pancreatic cancer, IPMN, MCN, SCN, EUS

    Abstract: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas is a group of neoplastic changes in the epithelium of the ducts or parenchyma, which are the difficult diagnostic problems of modern medicine. With the improvement of diagnostic methods, the frequency of detection of incident cysts has increased. The article discusses the differential diagnostic characters, morphological features, and the potential for malignancy of pancreatic cystic neoplasms.

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    Kashchenko V. A., Solonitsyn E. G., Danilov I. N., Vanyan A. V., Glistenkova D. D., Neklyudova P. I., Kamalova V. F. The potential of the malignancy of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;164(4): 85–92. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-164-4-85-92
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    1. Skobelkin state scientifi c center of laser medicine, Moscow, Russia
    2. RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

    Keywords: colorectal cancer, colonoscopy, adenoma detection rate (ADR), chromoendoscopy, virtual chromoendoscopy, cap, Endocuff , Endorings, FUSE

    Abstract: Colonoscopy has been established as the gold standard for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is one of the most important quality indicator of colonoscopy, and, as it has been recommended by a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the benchmark for ADR is 20%. However, ADR widely varies, and almost one fourth of polyps and adenomas are missed. Currently several techniques have been developed with the aim to improve the quality of colonoscopy. Among them there are image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) and techniques or devices that improve mucosal observation. IEE includes chromoendoscopy and virtual chromoendoscopy (NBI, FICE, AFI, i-scan); among techniques which enable better observation of the mucosa there are add-on devices, such as transparent cap, Endocuff, Endocuff Vision, Endorings; and wide-angle colonoscopes (full spectrum endocopy - FUSE). In the literature review, these mentioned techniques and their effect on ADR are described.

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    Duvanskiy V. A., Chesalina Ya. O. Advanced endoscopic technologies for detection of colorectal neoplasms. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology.2019;164(4): 93–99. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-164-4-93-99
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    1. Skobelkin state scientifi c center of laser medicine, Moscow, Russia
    2. RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
    3. Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Keywords: lateral spreading tumor, endoscopic resection, submucosal injection, carbon dioxide, hemostasis

    Abstract: Objective. The purpose of the literature review is to present the latest literature data on endoscopic resection of a laterally spreading colon tumor. Conclusions. Most non-malignant colon neoplasias can be removed by the endoscopic method. When removing LST, it is necessary to focus on high-quality endoscopic imaging, magnification, chromoscopy and narrow-spectrum endoscopy. LST resection should be carried out according to the accepted method. Before making a decision on endoscopic resection of neoplasia, all its characteristics should be carefully evaluated. The analysis of cases of incomplete removal and recurrence of formation is associated with a size of more than 40 mm, localization in the ileocecal colon, the characteristics of the patching pattern and the probability of invasion.

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    Full text is published :
    Chernykh D. A., Duvanskiy V. A. Endoscopic resection of a laterally spreading colon tumors. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology.2019;164(4): 100–104. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-164-4-100-104
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    1. The Federal State Budgetary Scientifi c Institution “Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery”, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    Keywords: cardiospasm, achalasia cardia, endoscopic balloon dilation of the cardia, cardia pneumatic dilation, cardia hydrodilatation, POEM

    Abstract: Aim: the unresolved problem with the large amount of treatment options for the achalasia cardia indicates the absence of a perfect treatment method. The large interest in peroral endoscopic myotomy, as in any innovation, leads to disregard of other treatment methods and the absence of an alternative. Therefore, attention to a simple, low-cost and effective way of dilating the cardia should again be drawn. Materials and methods. This article summarizes the results of 30 years of experience in treating functional obstruction of the cardia with endoscopic balloon dilation in 353 patients. The technical features of the intervention with the specially designed balloons fixed to the endoscope, as well as large-diameter wire-guided balloons are described in the article. Results. Criteria for assessing the end of endoscopic treatment of achalasia and cardiospasm are given. It is shown that the correct technique of the intervention gives good and satisfactory immediate results up to 95%, long-term - up to 80% of cases with 1 to 26 years remission. Conclusion: endoscopic balloon dilation is an equal, well-developed minimally invasive method for treating achalasia cardia and can technically be performed at any stage of the disease.

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    Full text is published :
    Godzhello E. A., Khrustaleva M. V., Bulganina N. A., Shatveryan D. G., Dekhtyar M. A. Endoscopic Balloon Dilation for Achalasia in the Era of Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM). Thirty years’ experience. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;164(4): 105–110. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-164-4-105-110
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