Submission of the manuscript is online via e-mail
ecgarticle@gmail.com or
cholerez@mail.ru

Tel: +7 903 250 5288

Editorial Correspondence e-mail
gastrossr@gmail.com


Publishing, Subscriptions, Sales and Advertising, Correspondence e-mail
journal@cniig.ru

Tel: +7 917 561 9505

SCImago Journal & Country Rank

    1. St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
    2. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical Universityof the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
    3. Volga Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
    4. Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital, Moscow
    5. Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

    Keywords: Crohn’s disease in children, draft recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, clinical recommendations

    Abstract: The final version of the draft protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of Crohn’s disease in children, developed by experts of the Russian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, is presented in the article. This project has been repeatedly discussed by pediatric gastroenterologists - specialists in the study of IBD in children during round tables at the XXV-th and XXVI-th Congres of Pediatric Gastroenterologists of Russia and, after final approval, will be presented in the form of clinical recommendations.

      1. Benchimol EI, Fortinsky KJ, Gozdyra P, Vanden-Heuvel M, VanLimbergen J, Griffiths AM. Epidemiologyofpediatricinflammatoryboweldisease: asystematicreviewofinternationaltrends. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(1):423-39.
      2. Ruemelle F. M. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. - J. Crohn’s Colitis, 2014, v.8, 1179-1207. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2014.04.005.
      3. Kornienko E. A. Inflammatory bowel disease in children. M., Prima Print, 2014, 208 p.
      4. Bernstein C. WHO global guidelines on Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of IBD in 2010. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Jan; 16:112-124. doi:10.1002/ibd.21048.
      5. Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Drummond HE, Aldhous MC, RoundNK, Nimmo ER. Definition of phenotypic characteristics ofchildhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology2008; 135(4):1114-22.
      6. Vernier-Massouille G, Balde M, Salleron J, Turck D, Dupas JL, Mouterde O. Natural history of pediatric Crohn's disease: apopulation-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2008; 135(4):1106-13.
      7. Pigneur B, Seksik P, Viola S, Viala J, Beaugerie L, Girardet JP, et al. Natural history of Crohn's disease: comparison betweenchildhood- and adult-onset disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis2010; 16(6):953-61.
      8. Ivashkin V.T. et al. Clinical recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and the Association of Coloproctologists of Russia on the diagnosis and treatment of Crohn's disease. Coloproctology. 2017, No. 2 (60), pp. 7-29.
      9. Maloy K. J., Powrie F. Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease - Nature insight, 2011, v.474, No7351, p.298-306
      10. Franke A. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confermed Crohn’s disease susceptibility loci - Nature genet., 2010, v.42, p.1118-1125.
      11. Strober W., Fuss I., Mannon P. The fundamental basis of inflammatory bowel disease - J. Clin. Investigation, 2007, v.117 (3), p.514-521.
      12. Langholz E., Munkholm P., Krasilnikoff P. A. Inflammatory bowel disease with onset in childhood. Clinical features, morbidity and mortality in a regional cohort. - Scand.J. Gastroenterol., 1997, v.32, p.139-147.
      13. Horsthuis K., Bipat S., Bennink R. J., Stoker J. Inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed with US, MR, scintigraphy, and CT: metaanalysis of prospective studies. Radiology. - 2008;247(1):64-79.
      14. Chashkova E.Yu., Vladimirova A.A., Neustroev V.G. Inflammatory diseases of the colon - diagnostic aspects. Bulletin of the East Siberian Scientific Center SB RAMS. 2011, No. 4-2, pp. 209-221.
      15. Lennard-Jones J. E. Classification of inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. - 1989; 170:2-6.
      16. Levine A., Koletzko S., Turner D. ESPGHAN revised Porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents - J. Pediatric Gasroenterol Nutr., 2014, v.58 (6), p.795-806.
      17. Zachos M, Tondeur M, Griffiths AM. Enteral nutritional therapyfor induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev 2007; 1: Cd000542.
      18. Heuschkel R. B., Menache C. C., Megerian J. T., Baird A. E. Enteralnutrition and corticosteroids in the treatment of acute Crohn'sdisease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;31(1):8-15.
      19. Dziechciarz P., Horvath A., Shamir R., Szajewska H. Meta-analysis: enteral nutritionin active Crohn's disease in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26(6):795-806.
      20. Thomas A. G., Taylor F., Miller V. Dietary intake and nutritionaltreatment in childhood Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1993; 17(1):75-81.
      21. Sanderson I. R., Udeen S., Davies P. S., Savage M. O., Walker-Smith J. A. Remission induced by an elemental diet in small bowelCrohn's disease. Arch Dis Child 1987;62(2):123-7.
      22. Seidman E., Lohoues M. J., Turgeon J., Bouthillier L., Morin C. L. Elemental dietversus prednison easinitial therapy in Crohn's disease: early and longterm results. Gastroenterology1991;100: A250.
      23. Terrin G. C.R., Ambrosini A. A semielemental diet (Pregomin) aspri- mary therapy for inducing remission in children with activeCrohn’'s disease. Ital J Pediatr 2002;28:401-5.
      24. Seidman E. G.A., Jones A., Issenman R. Semi-elemental (S-E) dietversus prednisone in pediatric Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1993. Gastroenterology 1993;104: A778.
      25. Ruuska T., Savilahti E., Maki M., Ormala T., Visakorpi J. K. Exclusivewhole protein enteral diet versus prednisolone in the treatmentof acute Crohn's disease in children. J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr 1994;19(2):175-80.
      26. Grogan J. L., Casson D. H., Terry A., Burdge G. C., El-Matary W., Dalzell A. M. Enteral feeding therapy for newly diagnosedpediatric Crohn's disease: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with two years follow-up. Inflamm Bowel Dis2012;18(2):246-53.
      27. Akobeng A. K., Miller V., Stanton J., Elbadri A. M., Thomas A. G. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of glutamine-enrichedpolymeric diet in the treatment of active Crohn's disease. JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30(1):78-84.
      28. Ludvigsson J. F., Krantz M., Bodin L., Stenhammar L., Lindquist B. Elemental versus polymericenteral nutrition in paediatric Crohn's disease: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. ActaPaediatr 2004;93(3):327-35 [Oslo, Norway: 1992].
      29. Rodrigues A. F., Johnson T., Davies P., Murphy M. S. Does polymeric formula improve adherence to liquid diet therapyin children with active Crohn's disease? Arch Dis Child2007;92(9):767-70.
      30. Critch J., Day A. S., Otley A., King-Moore C., Teitelbaum J. E., Shashidhar H. Use of enteral nutrition for the control of intestinalinflammation in pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr 2012; 54(2):298-305.
      31. Whitten K. E., Rogers P., Ooi C. Y., Day A. S. International survey ofenteral nutrition protocols used in children with Crohn's disease. J Dig Dis 2012; 13 (2):107-12.
      32. Knight C., El-Matary W., Spray C., Sandhu B. K. Long-termoutcome of nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn's disease.Clin Nutr 2005;24(5):775-9.
      33. Day A. S., Whitten K. E., Lemberg D. A., Clarkson C., Vitug-Sales M., Jackson R. Exclusive enteral feeding as primary therapyfor Crohn's disease in Australian children and adolescents: afeasible and effective approach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21 (10):1609-14.
      34. Berni Canani R., Terrin G., Borrelli O., Romano M. T., Manguso F., Coruzzo A. Short- and long-term therapeutic efficacy ofnutritional therapy and corticosteroids in paediatric Crohn'sdisease. Dig Liver Dis 2006;38(6):381-7.
      35. Beattie R. M., Schiffrin E. J., Donnet-Hughes A., Huggett A. C., Domizio P., MacDonald T.T. Polymeric nutrition as theprimary therapy in children with small bowel Crohn's disease.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8(6):609-15.
      36. Borrelli O., Cordischi L., Cirulli M., Paganelli M., Labalestra V., Uccini S. Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4(6):744-53.
      37. Ford A. C., Bernstein C. N., Khan K. J., Abreu M. T., Marshall.J.K., Talley.N.J. Glucocorticosteroid therapy in inflammatory boweldisease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol2011;106(4):590-9 [quiz 600].
      38. Escher J. C. Budesonide versus prednisolone for the treatment ofactive Crohn's disease in children: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicentre trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;16(1):47-54.v Levine A., Weizman Z., Broide E., Shamir R., Shaoul R., Pacht A. A comparison of budesonide and prednisone for thetreatment of active pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003;36(2):248-52.
      39. Markowitz J., Grancher K., Kohn N., Lesser M., Daum F. Amulticenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone inchildren with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2000; 119(4):895-902.
      40. Tung J., Loftus Jr. E.V., Freese.D.K., El-Youssef.M, ZinsmeisterA R., Melton III L.J. A population-based study of the frequencyof corticosteroid resistance and dependence in pediatricpatients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12(12):1093-100.
      41. Byron M. A., Jackson J., Ansell B. M. Effect of different corticosteroid regimens on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth in juvenile chronic arthritis. J R Soc Med 1983;76(6):452-7.
      42. Modigliani R., Mary J. Y., Simon J. F., Cortot A., Soule J. C., Gendre J. P. Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn's disease. Evolution on prednisolone Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology 1990;98(4):811-8.
      43. Mantzaris G. J., Christidou A., Sfakianakis M., Roussos A., Koilakou S., Petraki K. Azathioprine is superior to budesonide inachieving and maintaining mucosal healing and histologicremission in steroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15(3):375-82.
      44. Jakobsen C., Munkholm P., Paerregaard A., Wewer V. Steroiddependency and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in theera of immunomodulators - a population-based study. InflammBowel Dis 2011; 17(8):1731-40.
      45. Levine A., Kori M., Dinari G., Broide E., Shaoul R., Yerushalmi B. Comparison of two dosing methods for induction ofresponse and remission with oral budesonide in active pediatricCrohn's disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15(7):1055-61.
      46. Dilger K., Alberer M., Busch A., Enninger A., Behrens R., Koletzko S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action ofbudesonide in children with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23(3):387-96.
      47. Huscher D., Thiele K., Gromnica-Ihle E., Hein G., Demary W., Dreher R. Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced sideeffects. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(7):1119-24.
      48. Khan K. J., Ullman T. A., Ford A. C., Abreu M. T., Abadir A., Marshall J. K. Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: asystematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(4):661-73.
      49. Bermejo F, Garrido E, Chaparro M, Gordillo J, Manosa M, Algaba A. Efficacy of different therapeutic options forspontaneous abdominal abscesses in Crohn's disease: areantibiotics enough? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18(8):1509-14.
      50. Levine A, Turner D. Combined azithromycin and metronidazoletherapy is effective in inducing remission in pediatric Crohn'sdisease. J Crohns Colitis 2011;5(3):222-6.
      51. Barabino A, Torrente F, Ventura A, Cucchiara S, Castro M, Barbera C. Azathioprine in paediatric inflammatory boweldisease: an Italian multicentre survey. Aliment PharmacolTher 2002;16(6):1125-30.
      52. Jaspers GJ, Verkade HJ, Escher JC, de Ridder L, Taminiau JA,.Rings EH. Azathioprine maintains first remission in newly diagnosed pediatric Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis2006;12(9):831-6.
      53. Ramadas AV, Gunesh S, Thomas GA, Williams GT, Hawthorne AB. Natural history of Crohn's disease in a population-basedcohort from Cardiff (1986-2003): a study of changesin medical treatment and surgical resection rates. Gut2010;59(9):1200-6.
      54. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Oussalah A, Williet N, Pillot C, Bresler L, Bigard MA. Impact of azathioprine and tumour necrosis factorantagonists on the need for surgery in newly diagnosed Crohn'sdisease. Gut 2011;60(7):930-6.
      55. Cosnes J, Bourrier A, Laharie D, Nahon S, Bouhnik Y, Carbonnel F. Early administration of azathioprine vs conventionalmanagement of Crohn's Disease: a randomized controlled trial.Gastroenterology 2013;145(4):758-65 [e2; quize 14-5].
      56. Panes J, Lopez-Sanroman A, Bermejo F, Garcia-Sanchez V, Esteve M, Torres Y. Early azathioprine therapy is no moreeffective than placebo for newly diagnosed Crohn's disease.Gastroenterology 2013;145(4):766-74 [e1].
      57. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Rachmilewitz D. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362(15):1383-95.
      58. Fuentes D, Torrente F, Keady S, Thirrupathy K, Thomson MA, Walker-Smith JA. High-dose azathioprine in childrenwith inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2003;17(7):913-21.
      59. Gearry RB, Barclay ML, Burt MJ, Collett JA, Chapman BA. Thiopurine drug adverse effects in a population of New Zealandpatients with inflammatory bowel disease. PharmacoepidemiolDrug Saf 2004; 13(8):563-7.
      60. Hindorf U, Lindqvist M, Hildebrand H, Fagerberg U, Almer S. Adverse events leading to modification of therapy in a largecohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AlimentPharmacol Ther 2006;24(2):331-42.
      61. Kirschner BS. Safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inpediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1998; 115(4):813-21.
      62. Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, DiamondRH, Price S. Serious infection and mortality in patientswith Crohn's disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in theTREAT registry. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107(9):1409-22.
      63. Baldassano R, Colletti RB, Cucchiara S, Dubinsky M, Escher JC, Faubion WA. 41 serious infections and associated risk factors in patients receiving infliximab and immunotherapies for children with inflammatory bowel disease: develop registry data. Gastroenterology 2013;144(5 Suppl 1): S-11.
      64. Ledder OD, Lemberg DA, Ooi CY, Day AS. Are thiopurinesalways contraindicated after thiopurine-induced pancreatitisin inflammatory bowel disease? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2013;57(5):583-6.
      65. Dubinsky MC, Yangf H, Hassard PV, Seidmanll EG, Kam LY, Abreu MT. 6-MP metabolite profiles provide a biochemical explanation for 6-MP resistance in patients within flammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 122(4):904-15.
      66. Ansari A, Hassan C, Duley J, Marinaki A, Shobowale-Bakre EM, Seed P, et al. Thiopurine methyltransferase activity and theuse of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease. AlimentPharmacol Ther 2002;16(10):1743-50.
      67. Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korelitz BI, Brensinger C, Lewis JD. Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel diseasepatients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut2005; 54(8):1121-5.
      68. Camus M, Seksik P, Bourrier A, Nion-Larmurier I, Sokol H, Baumer P, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with Crohn'sdisease who respond to azathioprine. Clin GastroenterolHepatol 2013; 11 (4):389-94.
      69. Ashworth LA, Billett A, Mitchell P, Nuti F, Siegel C, Bousvaros A. Lymphoma risk in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease: analysis of a large single-center cohort.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18(5):838-43.
      70. Colletti RB, Cucchiara S, Dubinsky M, Escher JC, Faubion WA, Fell J. 833 malignancies in children receiving infliximab and other inflammatory bowel disease therapies: aninflammatory bowel disease multicenter, prospective, long-term registry of pediatric patients (develop) registry data. Gastroenterology 2013;144(5, Supplement 1): P-147.
      71. Kotlyar DS, Osterman MT, Diamond RH, Porter D, Blonski WC, Wasik M. A systematic review of factors that contribute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9(1): e1-e41.
      72. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Khosrotehrani K, Carrat F, Bouvier AM, Chevaux JB, Simon T. Increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancers in patients who receive thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011; 141 (5):1621-8 [e1-5].
      73. Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA, Bernstein CN. Increased riskof nonmelanoma skin cancers among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011; 141 (5):1612-20.
      74. van Schaik FD, van Oijen MG, Smeets HM, Vander Heijden GJ, Siersema PD, Oldenburg B. Thiopurines prevent advanced colorectalneoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2012;61(2):235-40.
      75. Turner D, Grossman AB, Rosh J, Kugathasan S, Gilman AR, Baldassano R. Methotrexate following unsuccessful thiopurine therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease. Am JGastroenterol 2007;102(12):2804-12 [quiz 3, 13].
      76. Uhlen S, Belbouab R, Narebski K, Goulet O, Schmitz J, Cezard JP, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate in pediatric Crohn's disease: a French multicenter study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12(11):1053-7.
      77. Boyle B, Mackner L, Ross C, Moses J, Kumar S, Crandall W. Asingle-center experience with methotrexate after thiopurinetherapy in pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr 2010;51(6):714-7.
      78. Mack DR, Young R, Kaufman SS, Ramey L, Vanderhoof JA. Methotrexate in patients with Crohn's disease after6-mercaptopurine. J Pediatr 1998;132(5):830-5.
      79. Ravikumara M, Hinsberger A, Spray CH. Role of methotrexatein the management of Crohn disease. J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr 2007;44(4):427-30.
      80. Weiss B, Lerner A, Shapiro R, Broide E, Levine A, Fradkin A, et al. Methotrexate treatment in pediatric Crohn diseasepatients intolerant or resistant to purine analogues. J PediatrGastroenterol Nutr 2009;48(5):526-30.
      81. Willot S, Noble A, Deslandres C. Methotrexate in the treatmentof inflammatory bowel disease: an 8-year retrospectivestudy in a Canadian pediatric IBD center. Inflamm Bowel Dis2011;17(12):2521-6.
      82. Laharie D, Reffet A, Belleannee G, Chabrun E, Subtil C, Razaire S. Mucosal healing with methotrexate in Crohn's disease: a prospective comparative study with azathioprine and infliximab. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33(6):714-21.
      83. Hashkes PJ, Becker ML, Cabral DA, Laxer RM, Paller AS, Rabinovich CE. Methotrexate: new uses for an old drug. JPediatr 2014;164:231-6.
      84. Kempinska A, Benchimol EI, Mack A, Barkey J, Boland M, Mack DR. Short-course ondansetron for the prevention ofmethotrexate-induced nausea in children with Crohn disease.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011;53(4):389-93.
      85. Hyams J, Crandall W, Kugathasan S, Griffiths A, Olson A, Johanns J, et al. Induction and maintenance infliximab therapy for thetreatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease in children.Gastroenterology 2007;132(3):863-73 [quiz 1165-6].
      86. Kugathasan S, Werlin SL, Martinez A, Rivera MT, Heikenen JB, Binion DG. Prolonged duration of response to infliximab in earlybut not late pediatric Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol2000;95(11): 3189-94.
      87. Hyams JS, Griffiths A, Markowitz J, Baldassano RN, Faubion Jr WA, Colletti RB, et al. Safety and efficacy of adalimumab formoderate to severe Crohn's disease in children. Gastroenterology 2012; 143(2):365-74 [e2].
      88. Rosh JR, Lerer T, Markowitz J, Goli SR, Mamula P, Noe JD, et al. Retrospective Evaluation of the Safety and Effect ofAdalimumab Therapy (RESEAT) in pediatric Crohn's disease.Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(12):3042-9.
      89. Crandall W, Hyams J, Kugathasan S, Griffiths A, Zrubek J, Olson A, et al. Infliximab therapy in children with concurrentperianal Crohn disease: observations from REACH. J PediatrGastroenterol Nutr 2009;49(2):183-90.
      90. Teitelbaum JE, Saeed S, Triantafyllopoulou M, Daum F. Infliximab in pediatric Croh'n disease patients with enterovesicular fistulas. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44(2):279-82.
      91. Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, Hanauer SB, Mayer L, van Hogezand RA, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas inpatients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340(18):1398-405.
      92. PanaccioneR, LoftusJr EV, Binion D, McHugh K, Alam S, Chen N. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in Canadian patientswith mod erate to severe Crohn's disease: results of theAdalimumab in Canadian SubjeCts with ModErate to SevereCrohn's DiseaSe (ACCESS) trial. Can J Gastroenterol 2011;25(8):419-25.
      93. Dewint P, Hansen BE, Verhey E, Oldenburg B, Hommes DW, Pierik M. Adalimumab combined with ciprofloxacin issuperior to adalimumab monotherapy in perianal fistula closurein Crohn's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial (ADAFI). Gut 2014;63:292-9.
      94. Barrie A, Regueiro M. Biologic therapy in the management ofextraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13 (11):1424-9.
      95. Kugathasan S, Miranda A, Nocton J, Drolet BA, Raasch C, Binion DG. Dermatologic manifestations of Crohn disease in children: response to infliximab. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003;37(2):150-4.
      96. Escher JC, Stoof TJ, van Deventer SJ, van Furth AM. Successful treatment of metastatic Crohn disease with infliximab. JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;34(4):420-3.
      97. Krishnan S, Banquet A, Newman L, Katta U, Patil A, Dozor AJ. Lung lesions in children with Crohn's disease presenting asnonresolving pneumonias and response to infliximab therapy.Pediatrics 2006;117(4):1440-3.
      98. Silbermintz A, Krishnan S, Banquet A, Markowitz J. Granulomatous pneumonitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and pancreatitis in a child with Crohn disease: response to infliximab. J PediatrGastroenterol Nutr 2006;42(3):324-6.
      99. Carpenter E, Jackson MA, Friesen CA, Scarbrough M, Roberts CC. Crohn's-associated chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis responsive to infliximab. J Pediatr 2004;144(4):541-4.
      100. Kierkus J, Dadalski M, Szymanska E, Oracz G, Wegner A, Gorczewska M, et al. The impact of infliximab inductiontherapy on mucosal healing and clinical remission in Polishpediatric patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24(5):495-500.
      101. Malik S, Ahmed SF, Wilson ML, Shah N, Loganathan S, Naik S. The effects of anti-TNF-alpha treatment with adalimumabon growth in children with Crohn's disease (CD). J Crohns Colitis2012;6(3):337-44.
      102. Ryan BM, Russel MG, Schurgers L, Wichers M, Sijbrandij J, Stockbrugger RW. Effect of antitumour necrosisfactor-alpha therapy on bone turnover in patients with activeCrohn's disease: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2004;20(8):851-7.
      103. Franchimont N, Putzeys V, Collette J, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, De Vos M. Rapid improvement of bone metabolism afterinfliximab treatment in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20(6):607-14.
      104. Thayu M, Leonard MB, Hyams JS, Crandall WV, Kugathasan S, Otley AR. Improvement in biomarkers of bone formationduring infliximab therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease: resultsof the REACH study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6(12):1378-84.
      105. Miheller P, Kiss LS, Lorinczy K, Lakatos PL. Anti-TNF troughlevels and detection of antibodies to anti-TNF in inflammatory bowel disease: are they ready for everyday clinical use? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012;12(2):179-92.
      106. Steenholdt C, Brynskov J, Thomsen OO, Munck LK, Fallingborg J, Christensen LA. Individualised therapy is morecost-effective than dose intensification in patients withCrohn's disease who lose response to anti-TNF treatment: arandomised, controlled trial. Gut 2014;63:919-27.
      107. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Rachmilewitz D. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med2010;362(15):1383-95.
      108. Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 2002;3 59(9317):1541-9.
      109. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R, Hanauer SB, Panaccione R. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinicalresponse and remission in patients with Crohn's disease: theCHARM trial. Gastroenterology 2007;132(1):52-65.
      110. Armuzzi A, Pugliese D, Danese S, Rizzo G, Felice C, Marzo. Infliximab in steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis: effectiveness and predictors of clinical and endoscopicremission. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013;19(5):1065-72.
      111. Sprakes MB, Ford AC, Warren L, Greer D, Hamlin J. Efficacy, tolerability, and predictors of response to infliximab therapyfor Crohn's disease: a large single centre experience. J CrohnsColitis 2012;6(2):143-53.
      112. Cucchiara S, Escher JC, Hildebrand H, Amil-Dias J, StronatiL, Ruemmele FM. Pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases and the risk of lymphoma: should we revise our treatment strategies? JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48(3):257-67.
      113. Feagan BG, McDonald JW, Panaccione R, Enns RA, Bernstein CN, Ponich TP. Methotrexate in combination with infliximab is nomore effective than infliximab alone in patients with Crohn'sdisease. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:681-8.
      114. Russell RK, Wilson ML, Loganathan S, Bourke B, Kiparissi F, Mahdi G. A British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition survey of the effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33(8):946-53.
      115. Kestens C, van Oijen MG, Mulder CL, van Bodegraven AA, Dijkstra G, de Jong D. Adalimumab and infliximab areequally effective for Crohn's disease in patients not previouslytreated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. ClinGastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11 (7):826-31.
      116. Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, Van Assche G, DHG, Carbonez A. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacyof infliximab in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348(7):601-8.
      117. Miele E, Markowitz JE, Mamula P, Baldassano RN. Human antichimeric antibody in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease receiving infliximab. J PediatrGastroenterol Nutr 2004;38(5):502-8.
      118. Candon S, Mosca A, Ruemmele F, Goulet O, Chatenoud L, Cezard JP. Clinical and biological consequences of immunization to infliximab in pediatric Crohn's disease. Clin Immunol 2006; 118(1):11-9.
      119. Wynands J, Belbouab R, Candon S, Talbotec C, Mougenot JF, Chatenoud L. 12-month follow-up after successful infliximab therapy in pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2008;46(3):293-8.
      120. Lee LY, Sanderson JD, Irving PM. Anti-infliximab antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence, infusion reactions, immunosuppression and response, a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24(9):1078-85.
      121. Jacobstein DA, Markowitz JE, Kirschner BS, Ferry G, Cohen SA, Gold BD, et al. Premedication and infusion reactions withinfliximab: results from a pediatric inflammatory bowel diseaseconsortium. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11 (5):442-6.
      122. Lahdenne P, Wikstrom AM, Aalto K, Kolho KL. Prevention of acute adverse events related to infliximab infusions in pediatric patients. Arthritis Care Res 2010;62(6):785-90.
      123. Kolho KL, Ruuska T, Savilahti E. Severe adverse reactions to infliximab therapy are common in young children with inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Paediatr 2007;96(1):128-30 [Oslo, Norway: 1992].
      124. Hamalainen A, Lahdenne P, Wikstrom A, Aalto K, Kolho KL. Prevention of infusion reactions to infliximab in paediatricpatients with oral acetylsalicylic acid. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30(4):590-1.
      125. Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Ferrante M, Noman M, Katsanos K, Segaert S. Long-term safety of infliximab for thetreatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a single-centrecohort study. Gut 2009;58(4):501-8.
      126. de Bie CI, Escher JC, de Ridder L. Antitumor necrosis factor treatment for pediatric inflammatory boweldisease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18(5):985-1002.
      127. Rahier JF, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y, Conlon C, De Munter P, D'Haens G. European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2009;3(2):47-91.
      128. Mackey AC, Green L, Leptak C, Avigan M. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma associated with infliximab use in young patients treated for inflammatory bowel disease: update. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48(3):386-8.
      129. Cucchiara S, Escher JC, Hildebrand H, Amil-Dias J, Stronati L, Ruemmele FM. Pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases and therisk of lymphoma: should we revise our treatment strategies? JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48(3):257-67.
      130. Diak P, Siegel J, La Grenade L, Choi L, Lemery S, McMahon A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockers and malignancy inchildren: forty-eight cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(8):2517-24.
      131. Hiremath G, Duffy L, Leibowitz I. Infliximab-induced psoriasisin children with inflammatory bowel disease. J PediatrGastroenterol Nutr 2011;52(2):230-2.
      132. Katz L, Gisbert JP, Manoogian B, Lin K, Steenholdt C, Mantzaris GJ. Doubling the infliximab dose versus halving the infusion intervalsin Crohn's disease patients with loss of response. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18(11):2026-33.
      133. Vande Casteele N, Gils A, Singh S, Ohrmund L, Hauenstein S, Rutgeerts P. Antibody response to infliximab and its impacton pharmacokinetics can be transient. Am J Gastroenterol2013; 108(6):962-71.
      134. Ben-Horin S, Waterman M, Kopylov U, Yavzori M, Picard O, Fudim E. Addition of an immunomodulator to infliximabtherapy eliminates antidrug antibodies in serum and restoresclinical response of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11 (4):444-7.
      135. Karmiris K, Paintaud G, Noman M, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, Ferrante M, Degenne D. Influence of trough serum level sandimmunogenicity on long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 137(5):1628-40.
      136. Dignass A, Van Assche G, Lindsay JO, Lemann M, Soderholm J, Colombel JF. The second European evidence-basedconsensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: current management. J Crohns Colitis 2010;4(1):28-62.
      137. Griffiths A, Koletzko S, Sylvester F, Marcon M, Sherman P. Slow-release 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy in children withsmall intestinal Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1993; 17(2):186-92.
      138. Cezard JP, Munck A, Mouterde O, Morali A, Lenaerts C, Lachaux A. Prevention of relapse by mesalazine (Pentasa) inpediatric Crohn's disease: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2009;33(1Pt 1):31-40.
      139. Lourenc R, Azevedo S, Lopes AI. Surgery in Pediatric Crohn Disease: Case Series from a Single Tertiary Referral Center. GE Port J Gastroenterol. 2016; 23(4):191-196. doi:10.1016/j.jpge.2016.03.007.
      140. Gupta N, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, et al. Incidence of Stricturing and Penetrating Complications of Crohn’s Disease Diagnosed in Pediatric Patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Apr; 16(4):638-644. doi:10.1002/ibd.21099.
      141. Kim S. Surgery in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: Indications, Timing and Post-Operative Management. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2017 March 20(1):14-21. doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2017.20.1.14.
      142. Kammermeier J, Morris MA, Garrick V, et al. Management of Crohn’s disease. Arch Dis Child. 2016; 101:475-480. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-307217.
      143. de Zoeten EF, Pasternak BA, Mattei P. Diagnosis and Treatment of Perianal Crohn Disease: NASPGHAN Clinical Report and Consensus Statement. JPGN. 2013 Sep; 57:401-412. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a025ee.
      144. Gecse KB, Bemelman W, Kamm MA. A global consensus on the classification, diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment of perianal fistulising Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2014; 63:1381-1392. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306709.
      145. Gionchetti P, Dignass A, Danese S. 3rd European Evidence-Based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn's Disease 2016: Part 2: Surgical Management and Special Situations. J Crohns Colitis. 2017; 11(2):135-149. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw169.
      146. Bemelman WA, Warusavitarne J, Sampietro GM, et al. ECCO-ESCP Consensus on Surgery for Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 May 11. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx061.
      147. Mazankova L.N., Vodilova O.V., Khalif I.L. Complications of Crohn's disease in children. Coloproctology. 2004, No. 3 (9), pp. 30-35.
      148. Scherbakova O. V. Practical recommendations for the surgical treatment of complicated Crohn’s disease in children. Experimental and clinical gastroenterology. 2015, Vol. 1, No. 113, pp. 78-83.
      149. Aloi M, Viola F, D’Arcangelo G, et al. Disease course and efficacy of medical therapy in stricturing paediatric Crohn’s disease. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2013;45:464-468. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2013.01.020.
      150. Baillie CT, Smith JA. Surgical strategies in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 May; 21(20):6101-6116. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i20.6101.
      151. Diefenbach KA, Breuer CK. Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 May;12(20): 3204-3212. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i20.3204.
      152. Korzenik J. R. Massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Crohn’s disease. Curr. Treat Options Gastroenterol. - 2000;3:211-6.
      153. Werbin N., Haddad R., Greenberg R. Free perforation in Crohn’s disease. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. - 2003;5:175-7.
      154. Joshi A, Bajwa R, Bhattacharjee N. Bowel Perforation Associated With Infliximab Use in a Pediatrics Patient. WMJ. 2016 Apr; 115(2):90-92.
      155. Papi C., Festa V., Fagnani C. Evolution of clinical behaviour in Crohn’s disease: predictive factors of penetrating complications. Dig. Liver Dis. - 2005;37:247-53.
      156. Traa MX, Orkin BA, Flores A. Toxic colitis in a 10 year old girl with Crohn’s disease. J Ped Surg Case Reports. 2013; 1:284-287. doi.org/10.1016/j.epsc.2013.08.003.
      157. Abraham BP, Mehta S, El-Serag HB. Natural History of Pediatric-onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug; 46(7):581-589. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318247c32f.
      158. Bishop J, Lemberg DA, Day AS. Managing inflammatory bowel disease in adolescent patients. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 2014; 5:1-13. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S37956.
      159. Hojsak I, Kolacek S, Hansen LF. Long-term outcomes after elective ileocecal resection in children with active localized Crohn's disease - a multicenter European study. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Oct; 50(10):1630-5. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.03.054.
      160. Von Allmen D. Surgical management of Crohn's disease in children. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct; 8(5):405-10.
      161. Pfefferkorn MD, Marshalleck FE, Saeed SA. NASPGHAN Clinical Report on the Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric Patients With Internal Penetrating Crohn Disease: Intraabdominal Abscess With and Without Fistula. JPGN2013; 57:394-400. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829ef850.
      162. Blackburn SC, Wiskin AE, Barnes C, et al. Surgery for children with Crohn’s disease: indications, complications and outcome. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99:420-426. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305214.
      163. Boualit M, Salleron J, Turck D, et al. Long-term outcome after first intestinal resection in paediatric-onset Crohn's disease: A population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Jan; 19(1):7-14. doi:10.1002/ibd.23004.
      164. Rieder F, Zimmermann EM, Remzi FH, et al. Crohn’s disease complicated by strictures: a systematic review. Gut. 2013; 62:1072-1084. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304353.
      165. Barkmeier DT, Dillman JR, Al-Hawary M, et al. MR enterography-histology comparison in resected pediatric small bowel Crohn disease strictures: can imaging predict fibrosis? Pediatr Radiol. 2016 Apr;46(4):498-507. doi:10.1007/s00247-015-3506-6.
      166. Bamford R, Hay A, Kumar D. Resection Leads to Less Recurrence Than Strictureplasty in a Paediatric Population with Obstructive Crohn's Disease. Surg Res Pract. 2014; 2014:709045. doi:10.1155/2014/709045.
      167. Simillis C., Purkayastha S., Yamamoto T., et al. A meta-analysis comparing conventional end-to-end anastomosis vs. other anastomotic configurations after resection in Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum. - 2007;50(10):1674-87.
      168. Romeo E, Jasonni V, Caldaro T, et al. Strictureplasty and intestinal resection: different options in complicated pediatric-onset Crohn disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 May; 47(5):944-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.01.054.
      169. Vorobev G.I., Bolikhov K.V., Vardanyan A.V. Place of laparoscopic ileostomy in the treatment of Crohn's disease of the colon (literature review). Coloproctology. 2009, N 3 (29), pp. 52-58.
      170. Vardanyan A.V., Kashnikov V.N., Bolikhov K.V., et al. Laparoscopic ileostomy for Crohn's disease. The journal Coloproctology. 2011, No 3 (37), pp. 20-23.
      171. Mahida JB, Asti L, Deans KJ, et al. Laparoscopic bowel resection for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Surg Res. 2015 Nov; 199(1):130-6. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.009.
      172. Poddubny I.V., Alieva E.I., Kozlov M. Yu., Shcherbakova O.V. Laparoscopic bowel resection in children with Crohn's disease. Pediatrics Journal G.N.Speranskogo. 2015, Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 79-81.
      173. Diamond IR, Gerstle JT, Kim PC. Outcomes after laparoscopic surgery in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Endosc. 2010 Nov; 24(11):2796-802. doi:10.1007/s00464-010-1050-x.
      174. Bobanga ID, Bai S, Swanson MA. Factors influencing disease recurrence after ileocolic resection in adult and pediatric onset Crohn’s disease. Am J Surg. 2014 Oct;208(4):591-6. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.06.008.
      175. Abdelaal K, Jaffray B. Colonic disease site and perioperative complications predict need for later intestinal interventions following intestinal resection in pediatric Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2016 Feb;51(2):272-6. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.078.
      176. Page AE, Sashittal SG, Chatzizacharias NA. The Role of Laparoscopic Surgery in the Management of Children and Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Medicine. 2015 May; 94(21):874-877. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000874.
      177. Diederen K, de Ridder L, van Rheenen P, et al. Complications and Disease Recurrence After Primary Ileocecal Resection in Pediatric Crohn's Disease: A Multicenter Cohort Analysis. See comment in PubMed Commons belowInflamm Bowel Dis. 2017 Feb;23(2):272-282. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000999.
      178. Yamamoto T., Fazio V. W., Tekkis P. P. Safety and efficacy of strictureplasty for Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis. Colon Rectum. - 2007;50:1968-86.
      179. Clancy C, Boland T, Deasy J, et al. A meta-analysis of percutaneous drainage versus surgery as the initial treatment of Crohn's disease-related inta-abdominal abscess. J Crohns Colitis. 2016: 202-208. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv198.
      180. Alkhouri RH, Bahia G, Smith AC, et al. Outcome of medical management of intraabdominal abscesses in children with Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2017 Mar; S0022-3468(17):30208-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.03.059.
      181. Dotson JL, Bashaw H, Nwomeh B, et al. Management of Intra-abdominal Abscesses in Children With Crohn’s Disease: A 12-year, Retrospective Single-center Review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015 May; 21(5):1109-1114. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000361.
      182. Pini-Prato A, Faticato MG, Barabino A, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Personal experience and literature review. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Oct; 21(40):11312-11320. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11312.
      183. Tekkis P. P., Purkayastha S., Lanitis S., et al. A comparison of segmental vs. subtotal/total colectomy for colonic Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. - 2006;8:82-90.
      184. Tichansky D., Cagir B., Yoo E., et al. Strictureplasty for Crohn’s disease: meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:911-9.
      185. Reese G. E., Purkayastha S., Tilney H. S., et al. Strictureplasty vs. resection in small bowel Crohn’s disease: an evaluation of short-term outcomes and recurrence. Colorectal Dis. - 2007;9:686-94.
      186. Yamamoto T., Allan R. N., Keighley M. R. Effect of fecal diversion alone on perianal Crohn’s disease. World J. Surg. - 2000;24:1258-62.
      187. Melton G. B., Fazio V. W., Kiran R. P., et al. Long-term outcomes with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and Crohn’s disease: pouch retention and implications of delayed diagnosis. Ann. Surg. - 2008;248:608-16.
      188. Bergeron V., Vienne A., Sokol H., et al. Risk factors for neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease patients with pancolitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. - 2010 Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Nov;105(11):2405-11.doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.248.
      189. Jess T., Loftus Jr E. V., et al. Risk of intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from olmsted county, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. - 2006; 130: 1039-46.
      190. de Bie CI, Paerregaard A, Kolacek S, et al. Disease phenotype at diagnosis in pediatric Crohn's disease: 5-year analyses of the EUROKIDS Registry. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2013;19(2):378-85.
      191. Dietz D. W., Laureti S., Strong S. A., et al. Safety and longterm efficacy of strictureplasty in 314 patients with obstructing small bowel Crohn’s disease. J. Am. Coll. Surg. - 2001;192:330-7.
      192. Kumar A, Auron M, Aneja A, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease: perioperative pharmacological considerations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011; 86(8):748-757. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0074.
      193. Aberra FN, Lewis JD, Hass D, et al. Corticosteroids and immunomodulators: postoperative infectious complication risk in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(2):320-7.
      194. Lake J. P., Firoozmand E., Kang J. C., et al. Effect of high-dose steroids on anastomotic complications after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. J. Gastrointest. Surg. - 2004; 8: 547-51.
      195. Tay GS, Binion DG, Eastwood D, et al. Multivariate analysis suggests improved perioperative outcome in Crohn's disease patients receiving immunomodulator therapy after segmental resection and/or strictureplasty. Surgery. 2003;134(4):565-72.
      196. Subramanian V., Pollok R. C., Kang J. Y., et al. Systematic review of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunomodulators. Br. J. Surg. - 2006; 93: 793-9.
      197. Pugliese D., Armuzzi A., Rizzo G. et al. Effect of anti-TNF-alpha treatment on short-term post-operative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. - 2010; 59 (Suppl III): A13.
      198. Kopylov U, Ben-Horin S, Zmora O, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor and postoperative complications in Crohn's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2012;18(12):2404-13.
      199. Billioud V, Ford AC, Tedesco ED. Preoperative use of anti-TNF therapy and postoperative complications in inflammatory bowel diseases: A meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7:853-867. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2013.01.014.
      200. El-Hussuna A, Krag A, Olaison G, et al. The effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents on postoperative anastomotic complications in Crohn's disease: a systematic review. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 2013;56(12):1423-33.
      201. Yang ZP, Hong L, Wu Q, et al. Preoperative infliximab use and postoperative complications in Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal Of Surgery. 2014;12(3):224-30.
      202. Wagner IJ, Rombeau JL. Nutritional support of surgical patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Clin North Am. 2011 Aug;91(4):787-803, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2011.04.013.
      203. Hartman C, Eliakim R, Shamir R. Nutritional status and nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2009 June 7; 15(21):2570-2578. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.2570.
      204. Jacobson S. Early postoperative complications in patients with Crohn's disease given and not given preoperative total parenteral nutrition. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(2):170-7.
      205. Li Y, Zuo L, Zhu W, et al. Role of exclusive enteral nutrition in the preoperative optimization of patients with Crohn's disease following immunosuppressive therapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(5): e478.
      206. Keljo DJ, Markowitz J, Langton C, et al. Course and Treatment of Perianal Disease in Children Newly Diagnosed with Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Mar; 15(3):383-387. doi:10.1002/ibd.20767.
      207. Vodilova O. V., Mazankova L. N., Khalif I. L. Features of the course of Crohn’s disease in childhood. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. - 2003. Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 69-73.
      208. Rosen MJ, Moulton DE, Koyama T, et al. Endoscopic Ultrasound to Guide the Combined Medical and Surgical Management of Pediatric Perianal Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Mar; 16(3):461-468. doi:10.1002/ibd.21067.
      209. Hukkinen M, Pakarinen MP, Piekkala M et al. Treatment of complex perianal fistulas with seton and infliximab in adolescents with Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014; 8:756-762. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2014.01.001.
      210. Seemann NM, Elkadri A, Walters TD, Langer JC. The role of surgery for children with perianal Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Jan; 50(1):140-3. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.034.
      211. Shelygin Yu.A., Kashnikov V.N., Bolikhov K.V. et al. The effectiveness of ileostomy in Crohn’s disease of the colon with perianal lesions. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2011, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 64-68.
      212. Scherbakova O. V., Ionov A. L. Comprehensive treatment of children with perianal complications of Crohn's disease. Russian Bulletin of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. 2013, Vol. III, No. 4, pp. 84-91.
      213. Short SS, Dubinsky MC, Rabizadeh S, et al. Distinct phenotypes of children with perianal perforating Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2013 Jun; 48(6):1301-1305. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.03.027.
      214. Singer AAM, Gadepalli SK, Eder SJ, et al. Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease Presenting After Surgery on a Perianal Lesion. PEDIATRICS2016 Mar; 137(3): e2 0152878. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2878.
      215. Shcherbakova O. V., Vrublevsky S. G., Ionov A. L., et al. Modern approaches to the treatment of pararectal fistula in children. Coloproctology. 2016, No. 2 (56) (app), pp. 51-52.
      216. Lovasz BD, Lakatos L, Horvath A, et al. Evolution of disease phenotype in adult and pediatric onset Crohn’s disease in a population-based cohort. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr; 19(14):2217-2226. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i14.2217.
      217. Al-Breiki S, Al-Faraidy N. A Crohn’s disease rectovaginal fistula in a nine year old girl masquerading as a case of sexual abuse, and literature review. Journal of the Saudi Society of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery. 2013;17:25-28. doi:10.1016/j.jssdds.2012.12.001.
      218. Shelygin Yu.A., Kashnikov V.N., Bolikhov K.V., Vardanyan A.V. Predictors of the effectiveness of ileostomy in complicated forms of Crohn's disease of the colon. Annals of surgery. 2012, No. 3, pp. 37-42.
      219. Galandiuk S, Kimberling J, Al-MishlabT G, et al. Perianal Crohn Disease. Predictors of Need for Permanent Diversion. Ann Surg. 2005 May; 241(5):796-802. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000161030.25860.c1.
      220. Gasparetto M, Guariso G, Visona L, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in children 10 years and under: retrospective cohort study from two tertiary centres in the United Kingdom and in Italy. BMC Gastroenterology. 2016; 16:35. doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0455-y.
      221. Lawal TA, Frischer JS, Falcone RA, et al. The transanal approach with laparoscopy or laparotomy for the treatment of rectal strictures in Crohn's disease. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010 Nov; 20(9):791-5. doi:10.1089/lap.2009.0470.
      222. Tozer PJ, Burling D, Gupta A, et al. Review article: medical, surgical and radiological management of perianal Crohn’s fistulas. AlimentPharmacolTher. 2011; 33:5-22.
      223. Golovenko A. O., Khalif I. L., Golovenko O. V. Prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease (literature review). Coloproctology. 2012, No. 4 (42), pp. 40-48.
      224. Bernell O, Lapidus A, Hellers G. Risk Factors for Surgery and Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn’s Disease. Ann Surg. 2000 Jan; 231(1):38-45.
      225. Gasparetto M, Guariso G. Highlights in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Epidemiology and Its Natural History in the Paediatric Age. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013; 829040:12. doi:10.1155/2013/829040.
      226. Terdiman J. P. Prevention of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. - 2008. 6(6): p. 616-20.
      227. Loly C., Belaiche J., Louis E. Predictors of severe Crohn's disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. - 2008;43:948-54.
      228. D. Eckert, S. Mensing, S. Sharma et al. Pharmacokinetics of Adalimumab in Paediatric Patients with Moderate to Severe Crohn’s Disease. ECCO 2013 P411.
      229. Matsumoto T, Motoya S, Watanabe K et al. Adalimumab Monotherapy and a Combination with Azathioprine for Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective, Randomized Trial J CrohnsColitis. 2016 Nov;10(11):1259-1266
      230. Rubio A, Pigneur B, Garnier-Lengline H, et al. The efficacy of exclusive nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn's disease, comparing fractionated oral vs. continuous enteral feeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(12):1332-1339
      231. Fell JM, Paintin M, Arnaud-Battandier F, et al. Mucosal healing and a fall in mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induced by a specific oral polymeric diet in paediatric Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(3):281-289.
      232. Afzal NA, Van Der Zaag-Loonen HJ, Arnaud-Battandier F, et al. Improvement in quality of life of children with acute Crohn's disease does not parallel mucosal healing after treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(2):167-172.
      233. Miele E, Shamir R, Aloi M, et al. Nutrition in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Position Paper on Behalf of the Porto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(4):687-708.
      234. Grover Z, Muir R, Lewindon P. Exclusive enteral nutrition induces early clinical, mucosal and transmural remission in paediatric Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol. 2014;49(4):638-645.
      235. Beattie RM, Schiffrin EJ, Donnet-Hughes A, et al. Polymeric nutrition as the primary therapy in children with small bowel Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1994;8(6):609-615.
     


    Full text is published :
    Kornienko Elena A., Khavkin Anatoly I., Fedulova Elvira N., Volynets Galina V., Gabruskaya Tatyana V., Skvortsova Tamara A., Nikitin Artem V., Sorvacheva Tatyana N., Tsimbalova Ekaterina G., Shcherbakova Olga V. Draft recommendations of the russian society of pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition on diagnosis and treatment of Crohn's disease in children. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;171(11): 100–134. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-171-11-100-134
    Read & Download full text